Primary Collection
The primary collection system is primarily planned around a two bin system (green for biodegradable and blue for non-biodegradable) 10 litres in size and made of HDPE. Each tricycle rickshaw will be carrying 6 numbers of 30-liter HDPE bins, 3 green and 3 blue into which the household bins will be directly emptied during the household collection. No ground contact of waste is envisaged in the process. The cycle rickshaws will be suitably customized for the requirement of waste collection with rails to avoid accidental falls of bins. After filling up the containers, the collector would reach the nearest secondary collection point and empty the bins into the larger secondary collection bins. The primary collector will be trained to check adherence to proper segregation of waste and if necessary guide households to undertake it properly. Suitable incentive/reward schemes would be worked out for collectors who achieve better segregation of waste based on monitoring carried out by municipal conservancy staff, representatives of citizens as also the Project Management Consultants. Large commercial and institutional waste generators would be required to bring their segregated wastes directly to the nearest Secondary Collection Points. An appropriate collection mechanism is also proposed for weaker sections of the society and slum dwellers whereby they can bring their wastes to a secondary collection point close to their locality. As an alternative to tricycle rickshaws on a case to case basis the use of pushcarts and auto-tippers will be made.

Secondary Collection
The secondary collection points (SCP) are expected to provide for intermediate storage of the waste before it is towed away to the transfer station/composting plants. They are envisaged to have a guarded concrete pad which will house two larger containers (green and blue bins each of 4.5 m3 volume) capable of serving about 900 households (projected) of a locality. The optimal number of households projected is an indicator value and the final number of households which a SCP will serve has been decided after collection and analysis of detailed survey information. Arriving at the exact location of a SCP (occupying an area of about 40 m2) is a challenging proposition, especially in congested areas. Detailed surveys have been carried out to find out possible locations of SCP points based on a set of criteria formulated including the availability of space, transportation route to be taken, etc. in association with the municipal representatives. The final positioning has been done through joint field surveys in close consultation with KMDA and municipal staff. Once such locations were finalized, they were spatially mapped in the GIS based information system to enable proper tracking of waste flow from the community level. It is proposed, SCP containers will be towed to the transfer station/composting plants by tractor-trailers / dumper placers and the will be returned after unloading to their locations at the earliest possible time. Detailed time and motion studies were carried out to decide an efficient turn around time for SCP containers (projected at around 2 hrs) and the exact modality of transport (no. of containers to be attached to a tractor during transportation) based on factors like congestions in an area, width of roads, presence of bottlenecks like railway crossings, etc. After the initial planning for SCPs were completed, estimates of the number SCP bins, haulage vehicles and associated handling equipment required was prepared and plans for procurement based on standardized quality and cost based tendering system was formulated after checking availability from well known suppliers. Once delivery timeframes were finalized, distribution logistics was worked out in association with the municipalities. The PMC is also in the process of preparation of Maintenance Manuals for all equipments procured in the process. Once the system is implemented, a monitoring system would be put in place to oversee the effectiveness of the secondary collection and transfer system and provide feedback for improvements of the system components and further refinement of the practices involved .

Drain Cleaning
Drain Cleaning is a component that is intricately linked with solid waste management practice at the current time because of the tendency of local population to dump waste into drains. Though this aspect is expected to improve considerably with the commencement of Public Awareness Campaign, it will be important to link up this related component with the solid waste management system proposed in each of the municipalities so that the objective of improvement of local environment can be achieved in combination and for people to be able to see the results of the SWM system in operation. The use of that front end loaders and hydraulically operated trucks are proposed to be used for ensuring proper removal of drain cleaning waste and their transportation to the Transfer Station (T/S) / Regional Waste Management Center (RWMC).

The consultancy services of the PMC for this Package shall be provided as follows; to plan for the T/S & CP operation in each site taking into consideration the overall SWM operation, to prepare the basic designs, to supervise the construction and to monitor the operation for a period of at least 6 months. The services shall be implemented in coordination with the Municipality officials.
 
Most of the Transfer Stations and Compost plants would be located on existing dumping grounds presently being used by the six municipalities. However, for a couple of municipalities, the location of T/S & CPs may be on green field sites. For the existing sites safe closure of the existing sites has been considered. Discussions were held with municipalities on the need for an alternative site for waste dumping for the period that the site preparation and construction activities would be in progress.

Physical surveys were undertaken and results of earlier ones consolidated to estimate amount and characteristics of waste that will be arriving at the T/S&CP facility. The need for creation of intermediate storage of septic tank and drain cleaning waste at the T/S&CP facility was also studied for each of the municipalities.

The basic design and the layouts of the proposed Transfer Station and Composting Plants were prepared by taking into considerations results of the site surveys undertaken and the basic concept for their operation and the backward and forward linkages were established with secondary collection and transport on one hand and hauling and disposal to RWMC on the other side. The basic design was reviewed for environmental soundness in terms of possible impacts to sensitive receptors in the adjoining areas and as necessary, possible design alternatives were also considered .

The composting plant would be based on windrow system which is successfully operating in a number of cases in India. Organic waste segregated at the household and brought into the compost plant by dump placer carrying a green colored container will be dumped on the platform and spread to a height of 30 cm for sorting of recyclable waste by wheel loader in this room. Segregated recyclables will be conveyed to transfer station and placed into the 5 containers. Organic waste after segregation of recyclables will be brought into windrow platform which has wide area for decomposition of waste. Waste brought in will be piled up for a week at one place and shifted to the second place so that next waste can be received. Shifting will be carried out for three times and the volume will decrease by 20% in a week. Cow dunk slurry as a culture will be sprayed on windrow heap and windrow will be turned twice a week (on 4th day on its own place and on 7th day to new place as next week windrow by wheel loader). It takes 28 days to 32 days for the process.The compost facilities would be covered with roofing material to prevent wetting of wastes leading to the generation of leachate during the rainy season.

Non-organic waste in blue containers will be brought into the transfer station from secondary collection points by dumper placer after passing through the weighbridge. The wastes will be dumped on the platform from the container carried by dumper placer and spread to a height of 20-30 cm by front end wheel loader. Recyclables will be segregated manually, carried by pushcart with 4 bins (50 litre/bin) and put into 5 containers (each for papers, plastics, rubbers, metals and glasses) placed at the corner of the transfer station. Recyclables will be sold to vendors coming to the T/S with their own trucks. Remaining wastes will be reloaded onto dump trucks by front end wheel loader and sent to landfill site in the RWMC after passing through the weighbridge.

Before the start of construction, the PMC would review and confirm the detailed design prepares by the Contractor, agree on construction schedule and supervise the progress of the work on a daily basis through Site Engineers and on a periodic basis by senior engineering professionals in the project team. The supervision would include a program for checking of materials quality that would be used by the Contractor.

The facility is expected to have an operational life of over 15 years after commencing operation. The regional approach to waste disposal to be shared between various ULBs is a new concept that is gradually gaining ground in the country given the constraints of land and other associated factors related to the setting up of smaller disposal facilities.

The landfill that is proposed will be of semi-aerobic type which has a number of advantages in terms of leachate improvement, reduction of methane gas and rapid stabilization of waste. Leachate management may arise as an issue in the overall management of the landfill site, as experience shows that segregation of inorganic and organic wastes would not be total in the initial stages resulting in organic waste to be sent to the landfill. In addition, as rainfall during the monsoon months is very high in the area, it will provide further scope for generation of leachate. The project proposes the setting up of a leachate collection system which will drain the leachate into aerated lagoons for treatment before it is discharged outside, after meeting discharge standards for waste water. Together with the semi-aerobic system this treatment is easy to maintain, low cost and thereby sustainable.

The consultancy services of the PMC shall be provided in three basic phases; to prepare the basic designs, to supervise the construction and to monitor the operation for a period of at least 6 months. The Services shall be implemented in coordination with the officials of the newly formed institution of this project. Before progressing with the Basic Design, detailed soil investigations were carried out to a total depth 200m (10BH x 20m/BH). A survey of the land area available for the RWMC has also been verified through land area surveys. Based on the survey results, the Site layout plan was prepared and reflects the scales of the facility based on the disposal phasing plan evolved during implementation of Packages 1 and 2. The Basic Design for the landfill was prepared in adherence to the specifications provided in the MSW Rules, 2000 and also incorporating best practices in landfill design from Japan. The layouts and drawings carry sufficient detail so as to prepare the bills of quantities and the cost estimates.

Before the start of construction, the PMC would review and confirm the detailed design prepares by the Contractor, agree on construction schedule and supervise the progress of the work on a daily basis through Site Engineers and on a periodic basis by senior engineering professionals in the project team. The supervision would include a program for checking of materials quality that would be used by the Contractor.